For instance, series c0001 contains 72 x ray images of an aluminum casting wheel. The x ray images of group welds are included in gdxray thanks to the collaboration of uwe zscherpel at institute for materials research and testing bam, berlin. Industrial radiography image forming techniques english. Radiographic testing of welds and weld testing are necessary steps in any pipeline construction process to detect flaws and defects within welded materials. Radiography testing rt is one of the most widely used non destructive test ndt method. The questions provide additional valuable guidance to the student. Dependent upon the output, a conventional x ray tubes which generate up to 400kev may be suitable for a portable or fixed installation.
Generally, x rays that are used in the industrial radiography of welds have photon energies in the range of 30kev to 20mev. He also holds a high level of knowledge of the oil and gas industry as well as castings and welds. As a tool for this type of testing, a 5 or 10power magnifier, as well as lighting devices and measuring instruments ruler, calipers, templates are normally. Radiography testing presentation linkedin slideshare. Industrial radiography is the use of x rays to inspect pipes, walls and other structures. Describe in detail the exposure techniques used in radiographic testing. The purpose of radiographic interpretation is to properly assess indications produced on radiographic media during the process of evaluating weldments or adjacent base metal. Given an xray image of the aerospace weld, the system locates the weld line. Radiographic testing of pipeline welds module 6240103. Generally ultrasonic testing or radiographic testing applies to butt welds and penetrant testing or magnetic particle inspection applies to fillet welds. All tests are submitted for x ray or bend examination to aws d1. Welding fusionwelded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys beam welding excluded quality levels for imperfections iso 5817 was prepared by technical committee isotc 44, welding and allied processes, subcommittee sc 10, unification of requirements in the field of metal welding. Scatter must be kept to a minimum so it does not interfere with interpretation of the test specimen.
Xray inspection of welds united states steel corporation. X ray and gamma sources equipment and setup graph interpretation. Radiographic testing using x rays and gamma rays are hazardous and as such are controlled by stringent legislation. Appendix 1 part 4b radiographic interpreter 1st edition. Weld defects, nondestructive testing, radiography, automatic weld inspection, image analysis. Radiographic interpreters must be thoroughly familiar with all aspects of the process of radiography, as well as the welding.
A year ago we took on an areospace contract that had a requirement of all welding to be class a, 100% radiographic inspection. Before testing, the welds should be cleaned from scale, slag and metal splashes. Radiographic interpretation is followed by sets of multiplechoice questions focused on key areas of radiograph. Andrew is one of the most experienced and highly qualified level 3 ndt specialists in radiographic testing in the world. When, where, why to use nondestructive testing methods. I assumed that the hydrotest was for the pipe and x ray was for the weld. Either i have been wrong for a long time 30 yrs or they,the engineers dont know what the hydrotest is for. Radiographic testing acceptance standard for weld as per asme sec viii, div.
When intertek carries out site radiography you have complete assurance that all legal requirements and legislative notifications are adhered to, including the transportation of isotopes, protective enclosure barriers and warning. The design of the iqi is given in en iso 19232 part 1 or astm e747. Therefore, testing methods have been developed to provide the information required of the test object without rendering it unfit for service. Nondestructive testing ndt methods shall be selected in accordance with en 12062 by personnel qualified according to level 3 as defined in en 473. Radiographic testing inspection, radiography of welds, x. List the safety procedures and identify the detection devices used to ensure the safety of persons working with or near radiographic testing. Radiographic testing of welds sawyer manufacturing. In addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Rt uses x rays to create a 3d image of the weld, whereas ut uses sound waves to find discontinuities in the weld. Codes and standards in digital industrial radiology. Rttrained personal can interpret digital images in analogy to film. The difference between various forms of electromagnetic energy is related to the. The radiographic examination procedures to be adopted shall be submitted by the contractor in format specified by client and shall. Radiograph interpretation castings the major objective of radiographic testing of castings is the disclosure of defects that adversely affect the strength of the product.
Describe how x ray and gamma ray techniques are used in the examination of pipe welds. Although our specifications dont recognize the need to x ray fillet welds, our customer does and therefore we must comply. Stateoftheart of weld seam inspection by radiographic. Industrial radiography can be performed utilizing either x rays or gamma rays. Industrial radiography is a method of nondestructive testing where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen. Appears as a light continuous or more often intermittent, irregularly shaped band within the image of the weld. Unequal leg fillet weld for unequal leg fillet welds, the size of the weld is the leg length of the largest right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. Radiographic testing rt this method of weld testing makes use of x rays, produced by an x ray tube, or gamma rays, produced by a radioactive isotope. When client gives welding contract to a welding contractor, that welding contractor shall appoint agency for carrying out the radiography works at site from the list of agencies enclosed in the bid document or separately supplied by client. Radiograph interpretation welds in addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Compared to manual xray testing, automated systems. However, the actual production of these images represents a mere fraction of this process. The wire type is the most frequently used iqi in radiographybyfilm. Basics of radiography testing and image processing2.
Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specifications used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects. Radiographic interpreters must be thoroughly familiar with all aspects of the process of radiography, as well as the welding and casting process. All of these steps make use of the radiographers visual acuity. Typical applica tions are analysis of food products, screening of baggage, inspection of automotive parts, and quality control of welds. Your test plates will be issued only after payment of test. Radiographic testing rt weldscastings level 1 imeche. These test fundamentals need to be combined with common sense for satisfactory inspection. Radiographic testing procedure industrial inspection.
The basic principle of radiographic inspection of welds is the same as that for medical radiography. Radiographic testing see below the surface of your products. Xray welding is an experimental welding process that uses a high powered x ray source to provide thermal energy required to weld materials the phrase xray welding also has an older, unrelated usage in quality control. Film radiography, which utilises either x ray or gamma radiation generated from a tube or from an isotope of iridium192, selenium75 or cobalt60, has been the most widely used application for volumetric inspections.
Nabl iso 17025 accredited rt testing labs at bangalore, india. Pdf automatic inspection of aerospace welds using xray images. Guidebook for the fabrication of nondestructive testing. The need for training in digital radiographic testing rtd came to the. Radiographic testing rt is one of the most fundamental volumetric testing methods performed in the industry. Testing of welds is an integral and the most important constituent of the ship repair quality assurance qa. The iaea promotes industrial applications of nondestructive testing ndt. Surface cleaning is necessary to prepare the welds for either mt or pt. Guidelines on training, examination and certification in digital. In radiographic testing, the part to be inspected is.
High degree of skill and experience is required for exposure and interpretation. Pdf xray difraction investigation of welding characteristics of. Now im told we will be hydrotesting to test the welds also. Excessive penetration sxp weld metal protruding through the root of the weld. Return welding performance qualification test form and receipt to your instructor. After that, the surface should be treated with alcohol, or etched using a 10% solution of nitric acid. In this context, an x ray welder is a tradesman who consistently welds at such a high proficiency that he rarely introduces defects into the weld pool, and is able to. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps. Take the test form to the pcc business office and pay the test fee. Needless to say, this has been a battle since day one. F x,y is input image, g x,y is t the operator applied at each grav level transformation.
Weld quality is an important part of our industrial. In the past, we would hydro the pipe as required and then fab up what we needed to. Inspection of welding defects by radiography examination rt source. Radiographic testing rt this method of weld testing makes use of xrays, produced by an xray tube, or gamma rays, produced by a radioactive isotope. Both specifications list a series of iqis containing six or seven wires of increasing diameter, from 18mm, from 1050mm in length and in a range of metals iron, nickel, aluminium, magnesium, copper and titanium. One common method of nondestructive testing is radiographic testing, whereby radiographic images, or xrays, of the weld are produced. Advantages of radiography for the nondestructive testing of welds are. Each of the sessions is closed by an open discussion on the correct answers and reporting.
Industrial radiographic testing laboratory testing inc. One common method of nondestructive testing is radiographic testing, whereby radiographic images, or x rays, of the weld are produced. Industrial radiographic testing rt, also known as radiographic inspection or radiographic examination, uses x rays to penetrate the surface of products or materials in order to view the internal structure and verify integrity radiographic testing can be performed at laboratory testing inc. Pdf the nondestructive testing ndt of components is very important to the. X ray equipment for nondestructive testing and particularly for mechanized testing of the integrity of welds along the length of the welds includes means for mechanically traversing an x ray source along one side of the weld and a grainless fluorescent screen along the other side, with the screen coupled to an imageisocon video camera, preferably through a light intensifier. Castings are a product form that often receive radiographic inspection since many of the defects produced by the casting process are volumetric in nature, and are thus. The effect is to produce an image of h darkening the values of r below m ant this results in contrast stretching. Certified radiographic interpreter american welding society. Xray weld inspection hightech meets heavy industry a. Intensifying screen for x ray or gama ray method divided.